Автор: G.R. Berridge
Издательство: Brill
Год издания: 2009
isbn: 900417639X
Количество страниц: 336
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
This book describes the evolution of the component elements of the British Embassy in Turkey up to the First World War. It then explains why, without changing radically except in its communications, it remained indispensable to British diplomacy in Turkey afterwards.
Автор: Alexandra Heidle, Jan A. M. Snoek
Издательство: Brill Academic Publishers
Год издания: 2005
isbn: 9004172394
Количество страниц: 436
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Women have been structurally part of the masonic enterprise from at least the middle of the 18th century. Yet, little is known about the ways in which they themselves obtained and exercised power to influence the systems they were involved in, in order to adapt them to be more appropriate to their needs. This volume intends to concentrate on two aspects: Women's agency (i.e. the power women gained and exercised in this context) and rituals (i.e. the role of men and women in changing and shaping the rituals women work with). These two aspects are closely related, since it requires some agency to realise changes in existing rituals.
Автор: Турчин П.В.
Издательство: ЛКИ
Год издания: 2010
isbn: 978-5-382-01110-3
Количество страниц: 368
Язык: русский
Формат: DJVU
Настоящая книга посвящена новому и перспективному междисциплинарному подходу — теоретической, или математической, истории. В рамках этого подхода строятся математические модели исторических процессов, и результаты моделирования сравниваются с доступными исследователям данными. Это дает новое, более глубокое понимание ряда закономерностей исторического развития. В основе этого подхода лежат представления и модели теории самоорганизации — синергетики. В книге рассмотрена территориальная динамика аграрных государств. Построены соответствующие математические модели. Показано, что рост или уменьшение территорий государств коренным образом зависят всего от нескольких ключевых факторов. С позиций предложенной теории рассмотрено историческое развитие России и Франции. Книга написана ясным, точным языком, снабжена обширными комментариями к созданным математическим моделям и подробным глоссарием. Это делает ее доступной и интересной не только для историков и математиков, но и для студентов, старшеклассников, а также широкого круга читателей, интересующихся исторической наукой.
Автор: Ken Jeremiah
Издательство: McFarland & Company
Год издания: 2010
isbn: 0786448806
Количество страниц: 236
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Northern Japan is home to an ancient, esoteric tradition of self-mummifying Buddhist monks, a tradition little known to the outside world. Long after death, these ascetics continue to be revered as living Buddhas. This first English-language work on the subject recounts the process by which these monks starve themselves for a decade, bury themselves alive with only a small breathing tube, and meditate until death. After three years, the mummified body is exhumed and displayed. The biographies of various monks are presented within this history of self-mummification, as is an examination of the religious beliefs involved, an amalgamation of three distinct religious traditions. Also explored is the role of asceticism in religion, and beliefs about life and death shared by the Buddhist sects involved in self-mummification.
Автор: Alan J. Rocke
Издательство: University Of Chicago Press
Год издания: 2010
isbn: 0226723321
Количество страниц: 416
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Nineteenth-century chemists were faced with a particular problem: how to depict the atoms and molecules that are beyond the direct reach of our bodily senses. In visualizing this microworld, these scientists were the first to move beyond high-level philosophical speculations regarding the unseen. In Image and Reality, Alan Rocke focuses on the community of organic chemists in Germany to provide the basis for a fuller understanding of the nature of scientific creativity. Arguing that visual mental images regularly assisted many of these scientists in thinking through old problems and new possibilities, Rocke uses a variety of sources, including private correspondence, diagrams and illustrations, scientific papers, and public statements, to investigate their ability to not only imagine the invisibly tiny atoms and molecules upon which they operated daily, but to build detailed and empirically based pictures of how all of the atoms in complicated molecules were interconnected. These portrayals of “chemical structures,” both as mental images and as paper tools, gradually became an accepted part of science during these years and are now regarded as one of the central defining features of chemistry. In telling this fascinating story in a manner accessible to the lay reader, Rocke also suggests that imagistic thinking is often at the heart of creative thinking in all fields
Автор: Robert S. Anderson
Издательство: University Of Chicago Press
Год издания: 2010
isbn: 0226019756
Количество страниц: 736
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
In 1974 India joined the elite roster of nuclear world powers when it exploded its first nuclear bomb. But the technological progress that facilitated that feat was set in motion many decades before, as India sought both independence from the British and respect from the larger world. Over the course of the twentieth century, India metamorphosed from a marginal place to a serious hub of technological and scientific innovation. It is this tale of transformation that Robert S. Anderson recounts in Nucleus and Nation. Tracing the long institutional and individual preparations for India’s first nuclear test and its consequences, Anderson begins with the careers of India’s renowned scientists—Meghnad Saha, Shanti Bhatnagar, Homi Bhabha, and their patron Jawaharlal Nehru—in the first half of the twentieth century before focusing on the evolution of the large and complex scientific community—especially Vikram Sarabhi—in the later part of the era. By contextualizing Indian debates over nuclear power within the larger conversation about modernization and industrialization, Anderson hones in on the thorny issue of the integration of science into the framework and self-reliant ideals of Indian nationalism. In this way, Nucleus and Nation is more than a history of nuclear science and engineering and the Indian Atomic Energy Commission; it is a unique perspective on the history of Indian nationhood and the politics of its scientific community.
Автор: Shelby Foote
Издательство: Vintage
Год издания: 1986
isbn: 0394746236
Количество страниц: 2950
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Foote's comprehensive history of the Civil War includes three compelling volumes: Fort Sumter to Perryville, Fredericksburg to Meridian, and Red River to Appomattox.
Автор: Ronald A. Reis
Издательство: Chelsea House Publications
Год издания: 2010
isbn: 1604135271
Количество страниц: 126
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Born in South Dakota in 1831, Sitting Bull was given his father's name after killing his first buffalo as a teenager. Sitting Bull witnessed the downfall of his people's way of life after the California gold rush of 1849 and the opening up of the West by the railroad. After he was wounded in battle, his views hardened about the presence of whites in Sioux land. He began to assume an uncompromising militancy that would characterize the rest of his life. Developing into one of the most important chiefs, Sitting Bull was able to unite a multitude of Sioux bands and other tribes at his camp, which continually expanded as the tribes sought safety in numbers. It was this camp that General George Armstrong Custer found on June 25, 1876, when he led the 7th Cavalry advance party to the Little Big Horn River. Sitting Bull, who had seen a vision of this attack during a tribal dance, and his people were able to defeat Custer and his men, but their victory was short-lived as thousands more outraged soldiers pursued the Sioux, forcing their surrender. This brave warrior was finally brought down in 1890 by tribal police who had been sent to arrest him. In Sitting Bull, read about a man who refused to back down from his convictions, even when they brought him face to face with the United States Calvary.
Автор: Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela Aall
Издательство: United States Institute of Peace
Год издания: 2007
isbn: 192922396X
Количество страниц: 800
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Since Turbulent Peace was first published in 2001, the international landscape has changed profoundly. Leashing the Dogs of Warreplaces its well-established predecessor as the definitive volume on the sources of contemporary conflict and the array of possible responses to it. The authors--more than forty of the most influential and innovative analysts of international affairs--present multiple perspectives on how best to prevent, manage, or resolve conflicts around the world. Leashing the Dogs of War assesses the nature and extent of the changes wrought by 9/11 and its aftermath, and explores their wide-ranging implications. For the United States, of course, the changes have been dramatic. It has engaged in a war on terrorism and has become both a third party in certain conflict arenas and a direct party to the conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. But these events have also affected other actors, from the United Nations to humanitarian NGOs to collective defense and security organizations such as NATO and the OSCE.
Автор: Roger E. Hernandez
Издательство: Benchmark Books
Год издания: 2009
isbn: 0761441743
Количество страниц: 78
Язык: english
Формат: PDF
Introduces the Spanish American War, covering the origins of dispute between the United States and Spain over Cuba and focusing on the war's impact on Hispanic communities.
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